gerund or infinitive

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Prefiero estudiar por la noche.

I prefer …........................ at night.

El ladrón niega haber forzado el piso.

The thief denies …............... into the flat.

Fred echa de menos pasear por la playa.

Fred misses …..................... on the beach.

El médico consideró cambiar de hospital.

The doctor considered …............ hospital.

No puedo soportar tener frío.

I can't stand …..................... cold.

Un niño no puede evitar moverse en clase.

A child can't help …................... in class.

Al mecánico no le importa llevar el coche a mi casa.

The mechanic doesn't mind …............... the

car home.

Estoy aburrido de ver siempre la misma película.

I'm bored ….................. always the same film.

Fumar puede matarte.

….................... can kill you.

Estamos acostumbrados a levantarnos temprano.

We are used to …................. up early.

Parece que mi hermana esta mejor.

My sister seems …..................... better.

El presidente espera ver una mejor situación pronto.

The president …................. to see a better situation soon.

El perro se negó a salir a la calle.

The dog refused …................. to the street.

Mi profesor me persuadió de elegir otra asignatura.

My teacher persuaded me ….............. another subject.

Aprender a nadar no es fácil.

….................... to swim is not easy.

El gobierno espera crear nuevos puestos de trabajo.

The government hopes …............. new jobs.

Parece que el enfermo está mejor.

The patient seems …............... better.

Esta asignatura es dura de aprobar (traducción incorrecta en español)

This subject is hard …...................

Soy aficionado a jugar al baloncesto.

I am fond of …................... basketball.

John está interesado en comprar libros antiguos.

John is interested in …...................... old books.

Ayúdame a buscar las llaves.

Help me …......................... for the keys.

Le aconsejé tomar mucha fruta.

I adviced …...................... a lot of fruit.

El guardia me advirtió que no entrara en el edificio.

The guard warned me ….................... into the building.

Le oí llegar ayer por la noche.

I heard him …....................... at night.

Mi padre me vio fumar.

My father saw me ….........................

Tenemos que entregar la redacción mañana.

We have …................. the essay tomorrow.

Mi hijo solía despertar por la noche.

My son used …................... at night.

Mi hijo está acostumbrado a despertarse temprano.

My son is used ….............................. early.

El profesor lamentó haber gritado en clase.

The teacher regretted …...................... in class.

Un chico intentó pegarme.

A boy tried ….......................... me.

Mi padre prohibió ver la tele entre semana.

My father forbid …................... TV on weekdays.

infinitive or gerund

1. Dan enjoys reading to read science fiction.
   
   2. Cheryl suggested to see seeing a movie after work.
   
   3. I miss working to work in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.
   
   4. Where did you learn to speak speaking Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?
   
   5. Do you mind helping to help me translate this letter?
   
   6. He asked to talk talking to the store manager.
   
   7. You've never mentioned to live living in Japan before. How long did you live there?
   
   8. If he keeps coming to come to work late, he's going to get fired!
   
   9. Debbie plans to study studying abroad next year.
   
   10. I agreed to help helping Jack wash his car.

1. I hope to graduate graduating from college next June.
   
   2. The models practiced to walk walking with a book balanced on their heads.
   
   3. Mandy has promised taking to take care of our dog while we are on vacation.
   
   4. Mr. Edwards chose to accept accepting the management position in Chicago rather than the position in Miami.
   
   5. I don't know what she wants doing to do tonight. Why don't you ask her?
   
   6. Frank offered to help helping us paint the house.
   
   7. Sandra decided to study studying economics in London.
   
   8. Witnesses reported seeing to see the bank robber as he was climbing out of the second-story window.
   
   9. Stephanie dislikes working to work in front of a computer all day.
   
   10. Mrs. Naidoo appears to be being the most qualified person for the job.

1. Eliza recommended eating to eat in a dim sum restaurant while we're in Hong Kong.

2. I demand to talk talking to the manager of the hotel immediately.

3. My grandmother remerbers to see seeing a plane for the very first time when she was six.

4. She claims to be being related to George Washington, but I don't believe her.

5. This broken bicycle needs to fix fixing before someone can ride it.

6. I can't understand driving to drive such a big car when gas prices are so high, not to mention what it does to the environment.

7. She refused to speak speaking to me after our fight.

8. The wilderness adventure course lasts ten days and involves to hike hiking more than fifty miles through rugged mountainous terrain.

9. Don't hesitate asking to ask for help if you don't understand the directions.

10. She managed communicating to communicate with them, even though she didn't speak their language.

To Infinitive

I was glad when I heard of your success.
I was glad to hear of your success.

1 He was sorry when he heard of your disappointment.
2 He hopes that he will know by tomorrow.
3 It seems that it is improbable.
4 Do you understand what you have to do?
5 We should be sorry if we heard bad reports of him.
6 The candidate didn't expect that he would pass his examination.
7 She asked if she might leave the room.
8 That was the first picture that came by satellite.
9 My friend was delighted when he heard of the arrival of our baby.
10 Do not promise that you will do it if you are not sure you can.
11 The doctor warned Cyril that he should not touch alcohol.
12 The last person who spoke like that about our teacher of English was in hospital for two months.
13 She was sorry that she had missed the beginning of the concert.
14 I am glad that I see that all the mess has been cleaned up.
15 My daughter will be thrilled when she wears an evening dress.
16 They would be very surprised if they received an invitation.
17 I would love it if I could own a house in the country.
18 She was hurt when she found that her friend had forgotten her birthday.
19 She is happy that she has found a nice place to live.
20 The policeman agreed that he would send a car to tha place of the accident.
21 The students decided that they would change the day of the exam.
22 We are learning how to do computer animation.
23 The doctor advised us that we shouldn't do sports for a month.
24 According to my parents, I must stay home more time.
    My parents want …........................................................

Forma base (infinitivo sin to)

1 Let me go.
2 Don't make him cry.
3 I heard the cat scratch the sofa.
4 We didn't feel our children cry.
5 The man saw her walk pass by.

Gerund (ing)

1 Swimming is a sport.
2 Climbing mountains is a sport, too.
3 I don't like smoking.
4 I'm fond of singing karaoke.
5 Do you mind …? I have my car in the mechanic.
6 We enjoyed …because the music was lovely.
7 I thought of … since the children were not at home.
8 I love ….... but I dislike vegetables.
9 The teacher suggested …................. . We make a lot of mistakes with verb tenses.

10 I remember playing in the street when we were children.

11 I remember us playing in the street.

12 I am afraid of going out alone in the dark.

13 I am afraid of my children going out alone in the dark.

14 I don't mind getting up early.

15 I don't mind students wearing hats in class.

defining vs non-defining

DEFINING (we need the information given in the relative clause to make sense) 
Join both sentences with a relative clause. Omit the relative pronoun when possible.

1 Henry VIII was a king. He had six wives.

2 George III was a king. He couldn't speak well.

3 Mary I was a queen. Her husband was the king of Spain.

4 Christmas is a holiday. The queen of England talks to the nation then. 

5 Windsor is a castle. It's 1000 years old. 

6 The family have a palace. It is in Scotland. 

7 Queen Victoria married a prince. He was her cousin. 

8 The king's advisors were people. They helped him make decisions. 

9 A throne is an object. It simbolises the power of a monarch.

10 Buckingham Palace is a place. The queen lives there when she is London.

11 What's the name of the English king? His wife was from Spain.

12 This is the throne. Elisabeth I sat on it. 

13 Bosthworth is the place. Richard III lost the War of the roses there. 

14 20th century was a time. Many monarchs from different countries disappeared.

15 A monarch is a person. This person is king or queen of a country.

16 I met someone. His mother was the queen's secretary.

17 August and September are months. Buckingham palace is open to the public then.

18 A palace is a big house. Royal family members live there.

19 A throne is a chair. The king or queen sits on it. 

20 A princess is a girl. Her parents are queen and king.

21 An advisor is a person. This person helps monarchs.

22 Christmas is a time. Families get together at this time. 

23 A biography is a book. This book is about the life of a person. 

NON-DEFINING (the information given in the second sentence -the relative clause- is unnecessary) Join the sentences with a relative clause. Remember to use ,  and never omit the relative pronoun.

1 We visited Buckingham Palace. British monarchs live there.

2 Game of Thrones have won several awards. It is extremely popular. 

3 Actress Lena Heidyer plays Queen Cersey. She sometimes gives clues about Game of Thrones.

4 Daenerys Dargarien has got three dragons. Her father was once the king.

5 People can take Game of thrones tours in Iceland. The scenes were filmed there.

6 King Henry VIII was married six times. He had two of his wives executed.

7 William the conqueror established the tower of London. Many people died there.

8 Victoria became queen at the age of 18. Her reign lasted many years.

9 The round table was a legendary table. King Arthur and his knights sat around it. 

10   The British royal family own Balmoral castle. Balmoral castle is in Scotland. 

11 Mr Trend lives next door. He was a guard at the palace. 

12 I'm doing a project on queen Elisabeth I. Her life was very interesting.

13 You went to Buckingham palace at 11.15. The changing of the guards ceremony began at that time.

14 The palace of Versailles is at about 20 km from Paris. It is magnificent.

15 We stayed at the Royal Hotel. The service there was excellent.

16 I love Christmas. I get a lot of presents then.

17 Our teacher speaks excellent French. He studied in Paris.

18 The Queen was released in 2006. It was directed by Stephen Frears.

19 Queen Elizabeth I reigned from 1558 to 1603. We saw her portrait in the National Portrait Gallery. 

more on relative clauses

IN WHICH SENTENCES CAN WE OMIT THE RELATIVE?

1. Do you know the girl who I danced with? - subject pronounobject pronoun
2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? - subject pronounobject pronoun
3. The apples that are lying on the table are bad. - subject pronounobject pronoun
4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. - subject pronounobject pronoun
5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. - subject pronounobject pronoun
6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. subject pronounobject pronoun
7. That is a museum which I like very much. - subject pronounobject pronoun
8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. subject pronounobject pronoun
9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. subject pronounobject pronoun
10. This is the man who lives in Scotland.

COMPLETE WITH A RELATIVE PRONOUN (ALL POSSIBILITIES) PUT IN BRACKETS WHEN IT CAN BE OMITTED

A teacher is a person  helps others learn new things.
Is that the man  they arrested?
There’s the dog  bit me!
There is a woman  daughter is an English teacher.
Where is the car  you stole?
This is the city  I was born.
1945 was the year  the war finished.
This is the reason  I am so cheerful.
Is that the man  they arrested?
Where is the bicycle  you stole?

COMPLETE WITH A RELATIVE. OMIT IF POSSIBLE

1- Her mother,  you never met, is interested in detective novels.

2- Roses, for  all women have a liking, smell very nice.

3- Hasan is the person  the manager wants to see.

4- Hemmingway,  novels are still very popular, led a painful life.

5- One should quit smoking,  is very harmful to health.

6- A student  doesn't study hard enough cannot be successful.

7- They have three sons, all of  are living abroad.

8- We are living next to a woman  dog barks all the time.

9- This is mount Ararat, on the peak of , there always is snow.

10- Confusing topics  are well-expressed can be understood.

11- The car,  was designed by a foreign company, won the race.

12- Shakespeare, most of  plays were adapted to cinema, is still read by many.

13- All the students (wish)  to organize a picnic were discouraged when they saw the dark clouds.

Fill in the relative pronouns only if necessary and add the necessary commas. 1. The decorations  Betty bought cost a fortune. 
2. But Betty  has always loved Christmas didn't mind paying a lot of money. 
3. She's going to celebrate X-mas with her son Toby  is 12 years old. 
4. He would like a new gameboy  is nonsense because he has already got two. 
5. Toby will have to write letters to all the relatives  gave him presents. 
6. He'll first write to his Uncle Otto  lives in GB. 
7. He lives in a place  is called "The Pale Gardens".
1. Sharon Rosenberg  had spent the summer on her uncle's farm in Connecticut interviewed all the students  she met during her first week in Windsor. 
2. Michael is the teen  information she found most interesting. 
3. Her report  she writes for her school magazine in the US has to be finished by February, 15th. 
1. I know a boy  eats cigarettes.
2. He´s one of the people  talk too much.
3. Bamberg  is on the Regnitz is a beautiful town.
4. Have you ever seen anyone else  behaves so stupidly?
5. Shakespeare  lived in the 16th century wrote "Romeo and Juliet".
6. I need someone  will lend me some money.
7. Mark Foster  character is a bit unusual for his profession is Britain´s best swimmer. 
8. The teacher  visited us last Monday is from India.
9. It´s difficult to find people  are not selfish.
10. Jogging  is a good sport keeps you fit.
11. It´s the boss  takes all the decisions.
12. It´s the evenings  I like best.
13. It´s the mornings  are so boring.
14. It´s me  is the trouble-maker.
1. Where is the pub  sells smoked beer?
2. In Bamberg  is a town in Franconia you can drink smoked beer.
3. "Schlenkerla" is the pub in Bamberg  you can drink this kind of beer.
4. The place   most tourists want to see is the "Schlenkerla".
5. Can you remember the man  stole my money?
6. Can you remember the man  the police arrested yesterday?
7. Did you see the girl  was dressed up as a clown?
8. Did you see the girl  everybody laughed at?
9. Do you know the girl  I love?
10. Love   is a wonderful feeling comes to everyone sooner or later in his life.
11. Cigarettes  are very dangerous shouldn´t be sold to teenagers.